The economic perspective looks at how money and business influence an event. Perhaps a business tried to do something to make a profit. Maybe someone changed their behavior because they got a new job or lost one. Follow the money, and you'll know the economic perspective.
The social perspective is all about how ordinary people behave with one another and their motivations. For example, if you spend time with another person because you both like football or the same television show, that's a social perspective. If you say that a person's actions were motivated by religion or race, that's a social perspective. When the focus is on relationships between people, that's social history.
The political perspective is all about the actions of government. When an event happens because the government enacts a law or the president makes a decision, that's using the political perspective. Saying that the Civil War occurred because Southern state governments voted to secede is using the political perspective. When the focus is on government, that's the political perspective.