He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their Public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. What does this mean?

King George III is making the legislatures meet in unusual locations, trying to make everyone tired from the travel. The legislators would get so fatigued that they will do what the king wants.

He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
What does this mean?

A judge can be fired at any time and for any reason by the king (tenure of office) and the king has total control of whether and how much the judge gets paid.

He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power. What does this mean?

The military does not answer to anyone in government elected by the people, "civil power."

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us
What does this mean?

Quartering means housing troops, often forcing them into people's homes.

For depriving us in many cases, of the benefit of Trial by Jury
What does this mean?

The English Bill of Rights guarantees a trial by jury. King George III suspended that right.

For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent
What does this mean?

Nobody in the colonies had any representation in Parliament, which imposed taxes on the colonies.

For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences What does this mean?

People who committed a crime in the colonies against British soldiers or representatives were transported to England (beyond Seas) for trial.