By the 19th century, industrialization had spread from Europe to the young nation of the United States. Inventions such as the steam engine spurred advancements in various other industries. For example, the transportation industry expanded, as trains and boats used more steam power to transport goods and people.

As these industries expanded, so did the need for raw materials necessary to sustain the industries. Railroad systems grew across both continents increasing the need for coal (to provide the heat in the steam engines) and steel (to build trains and lay tracks). In turn, major cities grew into thriving centers of industry. The technological improvements allowed raw materials to be transported to many locations, which allowed factories to be built in various locations. Subsequently, people and goods could also be transported, which expanded the market and lowered costs.

Industrialization caused substantial changes to society. Read the chart to learn more about the impact of industrialization in the 19th century.

Economic
Social
Political
  • Factory owners and businessmen became wealthy.
  • The costs of goods and raw materials were lowered.
  • Workers were paid low wages.
  • International trade increased.
  • Living and housing conditions were poor.
  • The distinction between social classes grew.
  • Child Labor became an issue.
  • Immigrant groups were discriminated against.
  • International relations grew as a result of increased trade.
  • Immigration increased.
  • Urbanization increased rapidly
  • Cities became overpopulated.